a level notes biology

Esp Phy and soon please because CIE are near. Helps increase the surface area for diffusion of substances during selective reabsorption. Biological Molecules Revision Notes: ATP. ORGANISMS RESPOND TO CHANGES IN THEIR INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTS, MODULE 7: GENETICS, POPULATIONS, EVOLUTION AND ECOSYSTEMS, 3.2.1.2 Structure of Prokaryotic Cells and Viruses, ​3.2.4 Cell Recognition and the Immune System, 3.4.3 Genetic Diversity can Arise as a Result of Mutation or During Meiosis, 3.6.3 ​Skeletal muscles are stimulated to contract by nerves and act as effectors, 3.6.4.1 Principles of Homeostasis and Negative Feedback, 3.6.4.2 Control of Blood Glucose Concentration, ​3.8.1 Alteration of the sequence of bases in DNA can alter the structure of proteins, ​3.8.2.1 Most of a cell's DNA is not translated, 3.8.2.2 Regulation of transcription and translation, 3.8.4.2 Differences in DNA between individuals of the same species can be exploited for identification and diagnosis of heritable conditions. Reply. Required fields are marked *. Wordpress Nulled Themes & Plugins Free The syllabus includes the main theoretical concepts which are fundamental to the subject, some current applications of biology, and a strong emphasis on advanced practical skills. explain the principles of homeostasis in terms of internal, and external stimuli, receptors, central control, co-ordination, b) define the term negative feedback and explain how it is, c) outline the roles of the nervous system and endocrine, system in co-ordinating homeostatic mechanisms, including, thermoregulation, osmoregulation and the control of blood, d) describe the deamination of amino acids and outline the, formation of urea in the urea cycle (biochemical detail of the, e) describe the gross structure of the kidney and the detailed, structure of the nephron with its associated blood vessels, using photomicrographs and electron micrographs, f) describe how the processes of ultrafiltration and selective, reabsorption are involved with the formation of urine in the. Thank you for sharing the notes which are as per the objectives of the syallabus and easy for students to comprehend. Maintaining the acid-base balance of the body, thus the pH of the urine may vary. Free Best Nulled Wordpress Plugins Wordpress Nulled Plugins These are produced when the body switches to metabolizing fats and they decrease the pH of blood (this can cause comma if accompanied with dehydration). The Lungs. We cover all the relevant topics in the specification below: Topic 1 – Cell Structure Revision Notes: Cell structure and function; Microscopy A’ Level Biology (9700) Notes – Homeostasis; Homeostasis. Posted on May 10th, 2015. Quite a lot of urea is reabsorbed as well. Unknown 2 March 2017 at 16:54. enzymes incomplete. Glucose oxidase catalyzes the reaction to. please make the correction. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. This covers all the topics and modules for all specifications/syllabuses including 5070 The effect of ADH is to reduce the loss of water in urine by making the kidneys reabsorb as much water as possible. These form a pair of inflatable structures, the Lungs, supported by the ribs and the Diaphragm which allow the animal to Inspire and Expire. Glucagon binds to different receptor molecules in the cell membranes of the liver cells. Inorganic ions. The first part of the loop is the descending limb, which is permeable to water. Causes muscles to contract or glands to secrete. Keto acid may enter the Krebs cycle and be respired, or it may be converted to glucose, or may be converted to glycogen or fat for storage. Learning outcomes. Nulled Free Wordpress Themes & Plugins Close. Structure of Nucleic Acids. DCT’s cells, Any slight tendency of the pH of blood to change is initially prevented by blood proteins. The person consequently feels extremely hungry and thirsty. Blood pH and Ion Concentration Regulation in the DCT: The concentration of Na+ ions is regulated by varying the quantity of Na+ ions reabsorbed from the filtrate. A Level EPQ Additional Maths Printables Blog Instagram IGCSE NOTES. Fat… This covers all the topics and modules for all specifications including 9700. It therefore passes once again through the regions where. The second part of the loop is the ascending limb, which is impermeable to water. Nulled Wordpress Plugins Fatty acids are the organic compounds having an alkyl chain attached to the carboxylic acid functional group. Thanks for all your efforts. Close. Contains mostly the glomerulus, the Bowman’s capsule and the convoluted tubules of the nephrons. If more proteins are eaten than required, the excess cannot be stored. ... S4 Ecology notes for term o... Posted on May 04th, 2015. When these calls detect a decrease in the water potential of the blood, below a set point. Best Wordpress Nulled Themes & Plugins Muscle cells don’t have receptors for glucagon and hence, don’t respond to it. Communication by electrochemical action potentials (impulses transmitted via neurons. Free Nulled Wordpress Themes & Plugins Cell structure. Section 2 : Structures + Functions in Living Organism . Biology. Principles of homeostasis depend on the following components: There are two types of feedback mechanisms: Communication by chemical messengers transmitted in the blood stream. This enzyme cascade amplifies the original signal from glucagon. ADH acts on the cell surface membranes of the collecting duct cells, making them, This change in permeability is brought about by, ADH molecules bind to receptor proteins on the cell surface membranes, which in turn. These are some excellent resources which give clear conceptual understanding. This damage is prevented by immediately converting ammonia to. Now, as the fluid flows down the collecting duct, The fluid in the duct loses water and becomes more concentrated. Enables water to be drawn osmotically from the D-limb to increase the concentration of glomerular filtrate. But if the body is glucose short, then fats are used as an energy source and ketones may then appear in the urine. Complete AS and A level Biology Past Papers Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology builds on the skills acquired at Cambridge IGCSE (or equivalent) level. For examination in June and November 2022, 2023 and 2024. I have my exam in a week, I think I would definitely be helped by these. Helps to operate the counter current multiplier system. Creates and maintains a high concentration of Na. A-Level Paper 1. Free summarized revision notes for international examination boards written for students, by students. They are a major component of membranes. This type usually begins very early in life and hence, is sometimes referred to as. The cells of the walls of the DCT are alike to those of the PCT. The syllabus includes the main theoretical concepts which are fundamental to the subject, a section on some current applications of biology, and a strong emphasis on advanced practical skills. Cell Organelles (Eukaryotic Cell) Cell differentiation. DNA Transcription. Enables the blood pressure the glomerulus to be high so that ultrafiltration can occur. Image Credit: Cambridge Assessment International Education. This enables the production of a very concentrated urine, which means water is conserved in the body rather than being lost in the urine. Helps to provide ATP energy required during the active uptake of substances in selective reabsorption from the tubule cells into the basal channels. A Level Biology AQA – Revision Content. Lipids. Also please upload for other subjects as well. GLUT 1 and GLUT 2 proteins are always in the cell membrane and their distribution is not altered by insulin. Best Wordpress Nulled Plugins Most mammalian lungs have the same basic structure.The Trachea (windpipe) leads from the mouth and nose and splits into the Bronchi which in turn split into the Bronchioles which lead to the Alveoli (air sacs) where gaseous exchange occurs.. notes. The more glucose that is present, the greater the current and the greater the reading from the biosensor. Insulin also stimulates the activation of two other. It is not toxic and is relatively insoluble so it’s removed in the form of dry pellets or thick paste. Nulled Free Wordpress Plugins The dipsticks, Biosensor is a device which makes use of a biological molecule to detect and measure a chemical compound. Has its effects over several minutes, hours or longer. Post … When insulin molecules bind to the receptors on the muscle cells, the vesicles with GLUT-4 proteins are moved to the cell surface membrane and fused with it. Thank you for keeping such quality content free! S5 Biology notes Nucleic acids . This leads to a buildup of substances in blood, called ketones (keto acids). This website makes use of cookies. Wordpress Plugins Nulled Senior 4, Biology by Milton Chebet. rather that the “less concentrated” as stated. Once ADH stop arriving at the collecting duct cells, it only takes 10-15 for the aquaporins to be removed from the cells surface membranes and taken back into the cytoplasm until they’re needed again. Reply ... A2 Biology Notes 2016-2018 (all in one) #96 Using respirometers. 1.2 Cells as the basic units of living organisms. DNA Replication and Repair. Immense Thanks to the creators of this site cuz it's like one of the most handy things an A's level student can get just in the night before the exam! They are present in the human body in free form as well as in esterified form as triglycerides. This passive movement of Na+ ions into the cell down their concentration gradient, This movement of glucose and other solutes is an example of, All of the glucose in the glomerular filtrate is transported out of the PCT and into the blood, so, The movement of the solutes into the membrane cells and then into the blood. Home › Biology Revision › CIE International A-Level CIE International A-Level Biology Revision For each of the papers below, there are revision notes, summary sheets, questions from past exam papers separated by topic and other worksheets. Gas exchange and transport of materials in plants for AQA A-level biology specifications. Dipsticks for detecting glucose contain the, Peroxidase catalyzes a reaction between hydrogen peroxide and, The resulting color of the pad is matched against a, Dipsticks indicate that whether the concentration of glucose was higher than the renal threshold in the period of time while the urine was being collected in the bladder. About AS/A Level Biology (9700): Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology build on the skills acquired at Cambridge IGCSE (or equivalent) level. near constant. There are several different types of GLUT proteins: Normally, GLUT proteins are kept in the cytoplasm in the same way as the aquaporins in the collecting duct cells. Thanks for bringing it to notice. All enzymes are Globular Proteins with a specific Tertiary Shape.They are usually specific to only one reaction.. Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology (9700) Notes Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology builds on the skills acquired at Cambridge IGCSE (or equivalent) level. This reduces water loss in animals living in dry habitats and decreases the body mass of flying animals. from the blood and are the. Ammonia is a very soluble and a highly toxic compound that can cause immense damage. CONCISE A* A Level Biology AQA Topic 6 (stimuli, nervous coordination, homeostasis, etc.) Cockroach dissection questions. Urea is formed by combing ammonia and carbon dioxide through several reactions. All units available! Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology builds on the skills acquired at Cambridge IGCSE (or equivalent) level. thank you so much. This was the first charter high school graduation requirements for gifted specialists notes level a biology essay schedule and caseload form will be provided to teachers and their representatives. Keep up the good work. They are used as an energy source by cells or as building blocks of complex lipids like phospholipids. Involves the forced removal of substances with a relative molecular mass of less than 68000 from the blood into the Bowman’s capsule. Topic 4: Genetics, Biodiversity and Classification. All Notes; Biology; Exchange and Transport The water and the solutes are then carried away back into the circulation. Presence may be an indicator of diabetes. of blood glucose by adrenaline as follows: • hormone-receptor interaction at the cell surface (see 4.1c), • formation of cyclic AMP which binds to kinase proteins, • an enzyme cascade involving activation of enzymes by, k) explain the principles of operation of dip sticks containing, glucose oxidase and peroxidase enzymes, and biosensors that, can be used for quantitative measurements of glucose in blood, l) explain how urine analysis is used in diagnosis with reference, and also respond to changes in environmental conditions to, allow diffusion of carbon dioxide and regulate water loss by, b) describe the structure and function of guard cells and explain, the mechanism by which they open and close stomata, c) describe the role of abscisic acid in the closure of stomata, during times of water stress (the role of calcium ions as a. Urea is the main nitrogenous excretory product along with other small excretory products such as, creatinine and uric acid. Nulled Free Wordpress Themes & Plugins Reabsorption of Amino acids, Glucose and Vitamins: This increases the water potential in the limb’s fluid and decreases the water potential in the tissue fluid. Meiosis notes for O level . Fatty acids and triglycerides have multiple functions and uses in the human body. urea. Posted on April 29th, 2015. Wordpress Themes & Plugins Nulled Cross-Sectional Structure of Mammalian Kidneys: Structure of a Nephron in Relation to its Functions: Factors Affecting Glomerular Filtrate Rate: Concentration in Glomerular Filtrate / gdm-3. At the same time, Na+ and Cl- ions diffuse into the tube, down their concentration gradient. Molecular Biology. They are very easy to study and they are a great help. Please upload the rest of the notes soon. I appreciate for the good work done, for uploading these summarised notes which are easy to understand. Topic 3: Exchange of Substances. Many proteins are … Please upload for us more as you can, also some practicals. Osmoregulation is the control of the water potential of body fluids. CIE A Level Biology revision notes made for the CIE (Cambridge International Examination) exam board. 3.2.1.1 Structure of Eukaryotic Cells. Replies. Effects tend to be short-lived or reversible. Best Free Wordpress Nulled Plugins requires complex systems to. All Notes; Biology Read more » Allow water to pass through the duct into the surrounding fluid of the medulla. This website makes use of cookies. This happens in the liver cells, together with the removal of an extra hydrogen atom. The syllabus includes the main theoretical concepts which are fundamental to the subject, a section on some current applications of Biology, and a strong emphasis on advanced practical skills. Delivers oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from the metabolically active cells of the Loop of Henle. The outermost layer of fibrous connective tissue covering the kidney. Reply Delete. A2 Biology Notes 2016-2018 (all in one) Here is a pdf file with A2 level Biology Notes 2016-2018 (Cambridge International) for you to download.

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