sulfur dioxide health effects

pollution concentrations. For bleaching textile fibres. SO 2 emissions that lead to high concentrations of SO 2 in the air generally also lead to the formation of other sulfur oxides (SO x). McCarroll, J. and W.Bradley (1966) Excess mortality as an indicator of health effects of air pollution. However, when the data were evaluated within each social class, a distinct increase in respiratory morbidity for both upper and lower respiratory diseases was observed. As in the Salt Lake study, croup rates correlated better with pollution than did bronchitis. Antibody formation and cellular immunity play a role in preventing lung infection, so any decrement in these responses would presumably potentiate a deleterious response to microorganisms. It does not appear to be necessary or reasonable at this time to draw firm conclusions concerning the 1970–1971 CHESS asthma studies, inasmuch as data have been collected and analyzed for later years and the reports will be forthcoming soon. There are some points about the data that are unclear, including the rationale for arithmetically averaging the bronchitis rates of the groups 15–64 years old and 65 and over, whether the data were corrected for the ages of the subjects examined, and whether there were differences in cigarette consumption. A slight relation with urban residence was also present, which had previously been reported in a study of twins in Sweden, (Cederlof 1966), but there was no association with the estimates of air pollution. The author points out that the delay in the increased incidence of bronchitis may be due to the lack of work absence data for Saturdays and Sundays and the tendency of workmen to finish out the week before going off sick. However, in 1964–1965, the positive correlations that were still observed tended not to be statistically significant. In 1963, the same investigators (Ferris and Anderson 1964) performed a similar study, although with a slightly different questionnaire, in Chilliwack, British Columbia, a community with essentially clean air, and compared the results with those from Berlin. Winkelstein and Kantor (1969) evaluated respiratory symptoms reported in a questionnaire of white women in the Buffalo area in 1961–1963. What are the health effects of SO 2? 1967, Greenburg et al. In U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development. The effects are worse when you are exercising. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. However, if such an exposure continues long enough, a decrement in function will occur. Older people with preexisting heart and lung disease are particularly at risk. 89 ff. This site is part of the Natural News Network © 2012 All Rights Reserved. However, this result could conceivably be accounted for by a relative lack of routine exercise in the urban group, although participation in organized athletics was similar. 1971). The sulfation rates for the more polluted days are not specified, but other data make it probable that the high concentrations were near or below an equivalent 24-hr sulfur dioxide concentration of 0.14 ppm, which is the current standard. A tentative and incomplete analysis of the more recent mortality data has been presented by Schimmel et al. onset of chronic respiratory disease. Upton, N.Y.: Brookhaven National Laboratory. 1965). Survey of a random sample on the population. Relative impact of smoking and air pollution on lung cancer. The prevalence rates of bronchitis (defined as cough or phlegm on most days for at least 3 months each year) were calculated independently for smokers, ex-smokers, and nonsmokers among mothers and fathers who had lived in the area for 2 years or more and who were not occupationally exposed to presumed respiratory pathogens. What are the potential health effects of sulfur dioxide? 23:173–179. Of the 43 asthmatics identified in the community, the records of 20, mostly adults, were suitable for study. The goal is to provide judgment estimates of possible use to economists interested in costing out the health effects of sulfur oxides. This still held true, although to a lesser extent, when the analysis was restricted to those who had been in good health before the 1948 episode. It may cause coughing, wheezing, phlegm and asthma attacks. The data were subdivided by an age classification and by the degree of bronchitis. Amer. Manhattan and to a measure of low temperature. 1966, Zarkower 1972, Zavrotskii 1959). Control Assoc. 1974) study as being in the range of 10–30 percent reporting more symptoms. Ventilatory Function in Elementary School Children in Two Southeastern Cities, 1971–72. Logan (1953) noted an increased neonatal and infant mortality in the December 1952 London fog episode, but Greenberg et al. In addition, it is not clear whether the findings represent an independent carcinogenic effect of sulfur dioxide in addition to benzopyrene or a potentiation of benzopyrene carcinogenesis by an otherwise unrelated consequence of sulfur dioxide exposure. Studies in pulmonary carcinogenesis, pp. Hrubec, Z., R.Cederlof, L.Friberg, R.Horton, and G.Ozolins (1973). With respect to acute morbidity occuring during the course of chronic respiratory disease, two major factors are the community incidence of upper respiratory infections and temperature variations. Although the correlations in 1967–1968 were somewhat lower, they were still statistically significant. Frequency of acute lower respiratory disease in Children: Retrospective survey of five Rocky Mountain communities, 1967–1970, pp. Nevertheless, the general findings appear to support the contention that power-plant effluents are instrumental in potentiating asthma attacks. The level of exposure depends upon the dose, duration, and work being done. Chronic bronchitis, tonsillitis, rhinitis, and influenza tended to be increased in the polluted areas, but were not as linearly related to sulfur dioxide as was the bronchitis rate. Although benzopyrene is a highly potent carcinogen in many systems, lung cancer had previously been observed only after tracheal instillation of this agent, and not during. This was particularly true in the children of unskilled and semiskilled workers. Zeidberg, L.D., R.J.M.Horton, and E.Landau (1967) The Nashville air pollution study. Positive association with suspended particulate air pollution. The most noticeable finding was the dominant effect of cigarette-smoking on the respiratory symptoms of these young adults. Ferris, B.G., Jr. (1973). Similarly, the benefits would necessarily be reevaluated as the technology changes. Higher smoke concentrations were associated with greater increases in prevalence ratios. Loudon, R.G., L.C.Brown, and S.K.Hurst (1965). Whether in this case the legal expert gave a correct verdict, I leave to the decision of those who are experts in natural science.”, Studies of mortality depend heavily on the accurate filing of death certificates. Lancet 1: 1147–1152. The third study was performed in Japanese working in Tokyo, but living in areas with differing pollution concentrations. Similar studies have not been performed in the more peripatetic American population. Dohan, F.C., and E.W.Taylor (1960). Among white children, forced expiratory volume was lower in the more polluted areas, and this finding correlated best with suspended sulfates. However, assuming that 20 percent of chronic respiratory disease is due to air pollution nationwide is inappropriate, in that not everyone is a cigarette-smoker and some fraction of the problem is related to constitutional factors and occupational exposure. Cancer 21:243–259. They also considered the effect of pollutant concentrations on the days preceding death, as well as on the day of death, and included the cause of death in their analysis. 2:79–87. Asthma Res. Medical Clinics of North America, vol. Arch. This increase does not appear to be accounted for by the somewhat greater number of older people examined in Molo. With multiple regression analysis, the monthly bronchitis incidence rates and prevalence rates were found to correlate best with temperature (r =0.75). 21:635–642. Between 16 and 33 percent of the original panel subjects withdrew from the study and were replaced at variable rates in the different communities. 57:Suppl:979–983. Zeidberg et al. large New York hospitals. Lee, A.M., and J.F.Fraumeni, Jr. (1969). Shy, C.M., V.Hasselblad, R.M.Burton, C.J.Nelson, and A.A.Cohen (1973) Air pollution, effects on ventilatory function of U.S. schoolchildren. EPA-650/1–74–004. Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name. Inhaled Particles III. Greater than 90% of inhaled sulfur dioxide is absorbed in the nasopharynx. Continued study of these same children, thereby allowing each population to serve as its own control during changes in air pollution in the next few years, should provide important information. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1974) Office of Research and Development. The above discussion does not include non-disease costs of air pollution. Environ. Four pairs of Chicago health districts were selected for differences in industrial activity but similarity in socioeconomic status. Sulfur dioxide is damaging to both skin and eye health. As in any game, there are some basic rules that must be accepted. This is suggested by the sutdies of Lawther at al. Short-term exposure has been linked to wheezing, chest tightness and shortness of breath. A thorough analysis of pollution costs due to disease is presented by Lave and Sesking (1970). Adverse health effects from SO2 exposure at ambient concentrations have mainly been seen in individuals with asthma as will be summarized in this review. The estimated health costs given above are based on the assumption that the major question concerns the benefits of air pollution control measures in addition to those already in use. J. Pub. Ocular exposures: Sulfur dioxide is extremely irritating to the eyes, resulting in irritation and larcimation.Severe corneal damage has occurred after direct contact with liquefied sulfur dioxide. Health Consequences of Sulfur Oxides: A Report from CHESS, 1970–1971. These attack rates were adjusted for age, sex, and socioeconomic status. Health Consequences of Sulfur Oxides: A Report from CHESS, 1970–1971. According to a San Francisco Chronicle article, up to 10 percent of asthma patients may negatively react to the air pollutant. A study by Douglas and Waller (1966) evaluated over 3,000 children 15 years old who. It is of interest to contrast these two Chicago area studies, which have reported opposite results. Evaluation of white females showed an increased mortality from all heart and lung disease in the industrial areas. Med. Arch. pneumonia than mice that received the same viral dose but were not exposed to sulfur dioxide (Fairchild et al. Short-term exposures to SO 2 can harm the human respiratory system and make breathing difficult. The Carnow et al. Furthermore, the middle class was very broadly defined; this raises the possibility that the elimination of a socioeconomic effect was incomplete. 19:873–878. The term “chronic nonspecific respiratory disease” has been used by a number of epidemiologists in recent years and appears to be more appropriate for air pollution studies, in that the available information is usually obtained by questionnaires or simple pulmonary function testing and is therefore not sufficient to distinguish clearly between possible types of chronic respiratory disease. Chronic bronchitis and emphysema: Classification and epidemiology. Air pollution, weather, and cough. National Power Survey, U.S. Federal Power Commission. Sci. There was a tendency for the air pollution effect to be greatest in the lower socioeconomic classes; this suggests an. Of the pollutants measured, the immediate correlation with suspended sulfates was the strongest. When deviations in daily deaths were compared with daily sulfur dioxide concentrations, a sharp increase in mortality was noted for the days when the sulfur dioxide concentrations were greater than 0.3 ppm. Likewise, the agency recommends that families limit their outdoor activities during times when air pollution is at its peak. Alternatively, if one accepts the figure of 70 percent as the amount that cigarette-smoking contributes to chronic respiratory disease, a figure of 10 percent for sulfur oxides appears reasonable after the effects of occupational exposure, constitutional factors, etc., are considered. Bronchitis—sickness absence in London transport. EPA-650/1–74–004. Gorham, E. (1958).

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